The dictionary, Giúp Đọc, just explains the structure: "thủ" = 手 and the phonetic, "sùng" 崇. The final, 'ung' of 崇 is an exact match, so I guess the question is about the initial "s-". There are certainly many cases where the phonetic is not an exact match, but the use of "s-" here to represent a velar does seem to be an outlier. Possibly this is a borrowing from an older stage of Chinese that contained a velar (at least according to Baxter-Sagart reconstructions). For example, "sen" (lotus) is thought to be derived from 蓮, which they reconstruct as *k.[r]ˤe[n]. Similarly, the word river, "sông" is thought to be derived from an earlier Austroasiatic word similar to Mon "kruŋ". Perhaps in some circumstances, the velar was retained.
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